Method of producing hybrid Erysimum cheiri seeds and plants using male sterility

ABSTRACT

A method is disclosed for creating and utilizing genetic male-sterile  Erysimum cheiri  plants for hybrid wallflower production. The method makes use of a mutated male sterility allele, which suppresses pollen production in otherwise fertile plants. Individual plants expressing the male sterility factor are incapable of self-pollination and can be used as female parents in hybrid seed production. Methods are disclosed for transferring this system into any line of interest for use in hybrid seed production in  Erysimum cheiri.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to an Erysimum cheiri (also called wallflower) seed, an Erysimum cheiri plant, Erysimum cheiri varieties and Erysimum cheiri hybrids, which contain one or more male sterility alleles. This invention further relates to a method for producing Erysimum cheiri (F₁) hybrid seed and plants.

[0002] The wallflower is a popular spring and early summer bedding plant in the United Kingdom and Northern Europe and a number of different varieties are widely available. It originates from a wild flower, growing on walls, cliffs and rocks in Greece and the Aegean. English wallflower grows best in full sun or light shade and in a well-drained soil. The plants exhibit a full range of flower colors including white, yellow, red, orange, purple and intermediates. The plant is a biennial in cold climates, in warm climates it is a short-lived perennial. Most varieties are 12 to 30 inches tall and usually have fragrant flowers. Some winter protection is needed in colder climates.

[0003] Field crops including ornamentals, are bred and produced through methods that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. Cross-pollinated crops, including all existing commercial varieties of Erysimum cheiri, rely on the ability of a flower to transfer functional pollen from its anthers to its stigma, thus resulting in formation of seeds. A true breeding line can be produced by successive self-pollination of a selected plant. Repeated selfing or inbreeding, however, results in genetic weakness, variously described as inbreeding depression. Vigor can be restored to true breeding lines by intercrossing in isolation, resulting in uniform progenies that can be marketed as uniform open pollinated cultivars.

[0004] Alternatives to the open-pollinated Erysimum cheiri varieties are F₁ hybrids. In F₁ hybrid varieties, pollen from an inbred “male” line is used to pollinate an inbred, but genetically different “female” line. The resulting F₁ hybrids are both phenotypically uniform and vigorous. In addition to this hybrid vigor, hybrids also offer opportunities for the rapid and controlled deployment of dominant genes for resistance to diseases and pests. A homozygous dominant gene in one parent of a hybrid will result in all F₁ hybrids expressing the dominant gene phenotype.

[0005] Much progress has been made in the improvement of horticultural and agronomic crops over the past several decades. Prominent among the methods used has been that of F₁ hybrid seed production. Essentially all corn, tomato, cucumber, and vegetable crops in general, are grown from F₁ hybrid seed. Ornamentals including petunias, geraniums, impatiens, snapdragons, and many others are grown as F₁ hybrids. Within the seed trade industry, F₁ hybrids command the preeminent role because of their superior vigor, uniformity and performance.

[0006] Male sterility, both naturally occurring and artificially induced, is a means of achieving controlled hybridization by the prevention of self-pollination in plants, aside from manual emasculation. In male sterility (ms) systems, absence of pollen in normally hermaphroditic flowers precludes the possibility that flowers will pollinate themselves. Without access to pollen, sexual fusion of the male and female gametes that would normally lead to seed development does not occur; the end consequence is that no “self” seed (i.e. seed arising from self-pollinations) is produced.

[0007] In higher plants, two major types of male sterility can be distinguished according to their genetic control. Genetic male sterility (GMS), sometimes referred to as genic, nuclear, or Mendelian sterility is controlled by genes carried and expressed within the nucleus of cells. Inheritance of genetic male sterility typically follows normal Mendelian segregation patterns. In contrast, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is governed by cytoplasmic factors, principally the mitochondrial genome; inheritance of cytoplasmic male sterility does not follow Mendelian patterns and instead, is associated with maternal transmission of mitochondrial components from generation to generation. Neither GMS or CMS is known to occur in any Erysimum species, but GMS is known to occur naturally elsewhere in the Cruciferae family (Tsunoda S, Hinata K, and Gomez-Campo C (1980) Brassica Crops and Wild Allies. Japan Scientific Societies Press).

[0008] Open-pollination is an important and universal component of the reproductive biology of wallflower species. For effective commercial production of F₁ hybrid Erysimum cheiri cultivars the use of male sterility genes would be valuable.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] The present invention relates to an Erysimum cheiri seed, an Erysimum cheiri plant, Erysimum cheiri varieties, Erysimum cheiri hybrids and a method for producing hybrid Erysimum cheiri seed. More specifically, the invention relates to an Erysimum cheiri plant having the male sterility alleles of the present invention. The present invention further relates to a method of producing hybrid Erysimum cheiri seeds using a male sterility system. The present invention further relates to a method of producing F₁ hybrid Erysimum cheiri seed wherein said Erysimum cheiri seed comprises less than 2.0% self-pollinated seed. The present invention also relates to a method of producing hybrid Erysimum cheiri seeds and plants by crossing a male sterile plant of the instant invention with another Erysimum plant. The present invention further relates to a method of producing seed by growing male sterile, vegetatively produced (either as cuttings or through tissue culture) Erysimum plants with male fertile pollinator plants. The invention also relates to the transfer of the genetic male sterility alleles into other genetic backgrounds.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0010] In order to provide an understanding of several of the terms used in the specification and claims, the following definitions are provided.

[0011] Allele—A form in which a gene may occur. Different alleles of a gene give rise to different expressions of a character.

[0012] Hybrid—As used herein, the term “hybrid” is intended to refer to first generation F₁ seed or resulting progeny from crossing two non-identical parental lines. Parental lines may be related, as in production of a modified single cross, or unrelated.

[0013] Hybrid Variety—As used herein, the term “hybrid variety” is a variety produced by the cross-pollination of two parental lines. F₁ hybrid seed may be collected from one or both parents depending on the system employed.

[0014] Inbred Line—As used herein, an “inbred line” is a group or set of related plants reproduced by inbreeding which are phenotypically and genotypically similar.

[0015] Open-Pollinated Seed—As used herein, an “open-pollinated seed” means the seed arising from fusion of male and female gametes produced by multiple male genotypes.

[0016] Self-Pollinated Seed—As used herein, a “self-pollinated seed” means the seed arising from the fusion of male and female gametes of the same plant. In hybrid seed production, selfed or sib seed refers to that portion of the seed within a single capsule that was fathered by pollen from the female genotype rather than pollen from the intended “male” parent.

[0017] Micropropagation—the development and multiplication of plants in vitro.

[0018] Vegetative Propagation—the multiplication of plants through cuttings.

[0019] Genetic studies were conducted with the new male-sterile, female fertile Erysimum cheiri mutant of the present invention. This mutant was completely male-sterile and was inherited as two recessive alleles designated “msTS₁” and “msTS₂”.

[0020] To date, there are no known male sterility alleles in Erysimum cheiri other than the present invention. The mutant alleles of the present invention allow seed set on the female plants. The genetic data indicate the male-sterile Erysimum cheiri (“ms”) of the present invention is genetic male-sterility and is controlled by at least two recessive alleles.

[0021] The male sterility system of the present invention enables the commercial production of hybrid Erysimum cheiri seed. Integral to the method is reduction of self-pollination to less than 2% in the designated female parent. Prevention of selfing in the female was accomplished by the introduction of the male sterility alleles of the present invention into the intended female line. Segregation of the male sterility alleles in subsequent generations was monitored by presence/absence of normal anthers and of functional pollen. Progeny derived from self-pollinated hybrid plants were scored for presence of the male sterility segregates as well as ornamentally valuable horticultural traits. Eventually, suitable female plants were identified that were male sterile as well as horticulturally suitable.

[0022] Male, or “pollen,” lines do not carry both the male sterility alleles. These lines are specifically selected to produce copious amounts of viable pollen, as assessed by methods known to those skilled in the art. Male lines are also selected for desirable horticultural traits including, but not limited to, flower color, plant height, uniformity and plant habit. Pollen from the male is collected and transferred using common methods known to those in the art.

[0023] F₁ hybrid seed is produced by pollination of the female line (having and expressing homozygous msTS₁ and msTS₂) with pollen from the male line. The F₁ seed is germinated and grown to maturity using standard methods common to the nursery trade. The resulting F₁ generation is assessed for phenotypic uniformity, vigor and horticultural suitability. By monitoring inheritance of known recessive genetic traits carried in the female, (especially male sterility and flower color) and their disappearance in the F₁ generation due to expression of dominant alleles from the male parent, the lack of selfing in the female was confirmed. Segregation of male sterility in subsequent generations further clarifies the genetic nature of the male sterility system. After horticulturally appropriate female x male combinations are found, the corresponding male and female lines can be mass propagated and used for commercial F₁ seed production. Erysimum cheiri is readily propagated by vegetative cuttings and tissue culture, although seed propagation of male parents is possible, using common methods routinely employed in line maintenance for hybrid seed production by those knowledgeable in the art.

[0024] Deployment of the male sterile alleles of the present invention in Erysimum cheiri enables commercial F₁ hybrid seed production without manual emasculation. By using the method of the present invention, F₁ hybrid Erysimum cheiri not only possesses profound vigor advantages but also provides opportunity for commercial production of unique colors, habits and other horticulturally interesting traits achievable only in the heterozygous state.

[0025] By pollinating a homozygous female with a homozygous but genetically different male, the resultant progeny will be heterozygous for many gene loci. In the breeding development of the parents, genetic backgrounds of the male and female are kept separate and intentionally selected for genetic divergence. When finally united in the F₁ generation, heterozygosity for a large number of gene loci imparts broad-based hybrid vigor with controlled deployment of dominant alleles expressed in the hybrid.

EXAMPLES

[0026] The following examples are provided to further illustrate the present invention and are not intended to limit the invention beyond the limitations set forth in the appended claims and amendments.

Example 1

[0027] Overview of the Method of Developing F₁ Hybrids

[0028] Production of F₁ hybrid seed in Erysimum cheiri utilizes male sterility expressed in the female or “seed” parent. By possessing male sterile alleles of the present invention, the female is unable to self-pollinate; as such, self-set seed is not produced. In the breeding development of the female, horticulturally desirable traits are accumulated in the female line using methods known to those in the art. The female line is repetitively inbred or sib-crossed leading to the production of male sterile females that lack functional pollen and that are potentially suitable for use in commercial hybrid seed production.

[0029] The male or pollen parent is similarly bred for desirable horticultural qualities using methods known to those in the art. Unlike the female, pollen quality and quantity are important selection components in the developmental breeding process of the male.

[0030] When appropriate male and female lines have been developed, pollinations are performed wherein pollen is removed from the male plant using methods known to those skilled in the art, and transferred to female receptive stigmas. Subsequent to these pollinations, normal seed development processes occur in the female plant ultimately resulting in seed formation. Numerous experimental male and female combinations are tried, resulting in many experimental F₁ hybrid progenies. Each progeny is then evaluated for presence of characters deemed horticulturally desirable. Genetic markers (such as color difference) can be used to ascertain complete absence of self-set seed from the female. Eventual evaluation of various male/female combinations can lead to appropriate combinations which can then be used in commercial F₁ hybrid seed production.

Example 2

[0031] Development of the ms Alleles

[0032] Male sterility has not been reported in any Erysimum germplasm. The mutation for male sterility was discovered in the Erysimum cheiri breeding material at A. L. Tozer Ltd. and was derived from the self-pollination of cultivated varieties. Crosses between the discovered male sterile plant, designated TZ9381, and breeding lines were made to establish its reality and inheritance and it was found to be transferable through successive generations. The male sterility is previously unknown and is not currently used in any horticultural wallflower varieties.

[0033] The flowers of the sterile plants are similar in size to the majority of wallflower varieties. The sepals, petals and style appear normal but the anthers are either absent or non-functional, being very reduced in size. The male sterility is controlled by two recessive genes.

[0034] The seed supplied contains the male sterility genes and male sterile plants can be identified in the F2 generation.

Example 3

[0035] A Genetic Basis for Male Sterility in Erysimum cheiri

[0036] The discovered plant, designated TZ9381, has white flowers and was used as a female in crosses with various, fertile Erysimum cheiri inbred breeding lines (Table 1). Pollinated flowers in these crosses produced fruits and seeds, demonstrating female fertility in plant TZ9381. These seeds were germinated and grown using standard methods known to those in the nursery industry. Resultant progenies were scored for presence/absence of viable pollen as well as inheritance of horticultural characters (e.g., flower color, habit). Where a male parent with colored flowers was used to pollinate the white flowered, female parent; resultant seed produced progeny with colored flowers clearly demonstrating that progeny were true hybrids and not apomictic.

[0037] As shown in Table 1, all F₁ hybrid progeny are pollen fertile, an observation consistent with diallelic recessive allele control, such as reported in corn (Patterson, U.S. Pat. No. 3,861,079) and Brassica napus L (Heyn F W (1973) Dissert. Georg August Univ. Gottingen pp1-102 as reported by Tsunoda S, Hinata K, and Gomez-Campo C (1980) Brassica Crops and Wild Allies. Japan Scientific Societies Press). Selfing of F, progenies (See Table 1) further indicates that male sterility in the initial male sterile plant (TZ9381) was controlled by two recessive alleles, designated herein as msTS₁ and msTS₂. Segregation in the F₂ accords with the expected 1:15 ratio of male sterile: fertile_(χ) ²=10.68 with 16 degrees of freedom p=0.75-0.90. As shown in Table 2, test crosses between the male sterile plant and fertile F₁ hybrids suggest that the male sterile phenotype was controlled by two recessive alleles. Segregation accords with the expected 1:3 ratio of male sterile: fertile_(χ) ²=5.16 with 5 degrees of freedom p=0.25-0.5. TABLE 1 Crosses between Male Sterile TZ9381 and fertile inbred breeding lines Cross F₁ Generation F₂ Generation Female Male Number Number Number Number Parent Color Parent Color Sterile Fertile Color Sterile Fertile TZ9381 white A1 Pale Yellow 0 20 Pale yellow 1 19 TZ9381 white B1 Pale Yellow 0 40 Pale Yellow 1 15 TZ9381 white C1 Pale orange 0 40 Pale orange 1 17 TZ9381 white C2 Pale orange 0 20 Pale orange 1 17 TZ9381 white D1 Bright orange 0 40 Bright orange 2 16 TZ9381 white E2 Bronze 0 20 Yellow + orange 1 17 TZ9381 white E3 Bronze 0 20 Yellow + orange 1 17 TZ9381 white F1 Pink 0 20 V pale orange 1 17 TZ9381 white G2 Pink 0 40 V pale orange 2 16

Example 4

[0038] Deployment of Erysimum cheiri “msTS₁” and “msTS₂”

[0039] Subsequent to introgression of “msTS₁” and “msTS₂” alleles, crosses between the original male sterile plant and fertile F₁ hybrids from this breeding program are shown in Table 2. The pattern of segregation confirms that male sterility in Erysimum cheiri is inherited in a normal fashion consistent with recessive genetic control. Moreover, that F₁ seed can be produced at all indicates that female function (ovule and seed production ability) is unaffected in male sterile lines. F₁ seed yield is at least equivalent to open-pollinated Erysimum cheiri flowers, suggesting that the male sterility alleles of the present invention specifically affect male function rather than overall fertility aspects. TABLE 2 Crosses between Male Sterile TZ9381 and Fertile F₁ Hybrids Cross F₁ Generation Female Male Number Number Parent Color Parent Sterile Fertile TZ9381 white H1 3  5 TZ9381 white I1 2 16 TZ9381 white J1 3  5 TZ9381 white K1 2 16 TZ9381 white L1 2 16 TZ9381 white M1 2  7

[0040] Deposit Information

[0041] Hybrid Erysimum cheiri TZ9843 with male sterility genes of the instant invention have been placed on deposit with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, under Deposit Accession Number PTA-4003 on Jan. 23, 2002.

[0042] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention. 

1. An Erysimum cheiri plant containing an allelic DNA genetic factor for male sterility.
 2. The Erysimum cheiri plant of claim 1, wherein said allelic DNA genetic factor for male sterility is designated msTS₁.
 3. The Erysimum cheiri plant of claim 1, wherein said allelic DNA genetic factor for male sterility is designated msTS₂.
 4. The Erysimum cheiri plant of claim 1, wherein said plant contains two recessive alleles for male-sterility designated msTS₁ and msTS₂.
 5. Erysimum cheiri seeds produced by the plant of claim
 1. 6. Plants grown from the seed of claim
 5. 7. Pollen of the plant of claim
 1. 8. An ovule of the plant of claim
 1. 9. Micropropagation of the plant of claim 1 to produce a plant.
 10. Vegetative cuttings of the plant of claim 1 to produce a plant.
 11. A tissue culture comprising regenerable cells of the plant of claim
 1. 12. An Erysimum cheiri plant regenerated from said tissue culture of claim
 11. 13. A method for producing F₁ hybrid Erysimum cheiri seed comprising crossing a first parent Erysimum cheiri plant with a second parent Erysimum cheiri plant and harvesting the resultant F₁ hybrid Erysimum cheiri seed, wherein said first or second parent Erysimum cheiri plant is the Erysimum cheiri plant of claim
 1. 14. A hybrid seed produced by the method of claim
 13. 15. A hybrid plant or its parts produced by growing said hybrid seed of claim
 14. 16. Seed produced from said hybrid plant of claim
 15. 17. The method of claim 13, wherein said Erysimum cheiri seed produced comprises less than 2.0% open-pollinated seed.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein said Erysimum cheiri seed produced comprises between about 1.50% and about 1.99% open-pollinated seed.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein said Erysimum cheiri seed produced comprises between about 1.00% and about 1.50% open-pollinated seed.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein said Erysimum cheiri seed produced comprises between about 0.50% and about .99% open-pollinated seed.
 21. The method of claim 17, wherein said Erysimum cheiri seed produced comprises between about 0.01% and about 0.49% open-pollinated seed.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein said Erysimum cheiri plant is the female plant.
 23. A plant cell of an F₁ hybrid Erysimum cheiri plant produced by growing said hybrid Erysimum cheiri seed of claim
 14. 24. Viable Erysimum cheiri seeds and plants and succeeding generations thereof grown from seeds deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-4003 on Jan. 23, 2002 and Erysimum cheiri seeds and plants to which the male sterile allele is transferred from said deposited seeds in succeeding generations thereof. 